{"id":109170,"date":"2025-07-29T14:09:50","date_gmt":"2025-07-29T12:09:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geosurveys.it\/?page_id=109170"},"modified":"2025-07-30T16:24:37","modified_gmt":"2025-07-30T14:24:37","slug":"frequency-domain-electromagnetic-method-fdem","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/geosurveys.it\/en\/frequency-domain-electromagnetic-method-fdem\/","title":{"rendered":"Frequency-domain Electromagnetic method (FDEM)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row row_height_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; back_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; back_image=&#8221;108879&#8243; kburns=&#8221;yes&#8221; overlay_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; overlay_alpha=&#8221;20&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;4&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; content_parallax=&#8221;0&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;190352&#8243; overlay_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221; back_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_horizontal=&#8221;left&#8221; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; style=&#8221;dark&#8221; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;704479&#8243;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; style=&#8221;dark&#8221; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;103021&#8243;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;p&#8221; text_size=&#8221;&#8221; text_weight=&#8221;700&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;207299&#8243;]ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;h1&#8243; text_font=&#8221;font-377884&#8243; text_size=&#8221;h1&#8243; text_weight=&#8221;500&#8243; css_animation=&#8221;curtain-words&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;119003&#8243;]Frequency-domain Electromagnetic method (FDEM)[\/vc_custom_heading][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; content_parallax=&#8221;0&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;204319&#8243;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;149024&#8243;][vc_row_inner row_inner_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;104431&#8243;][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;-2&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;7\/12&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;127737&#8243;][vc_single_image media=&#8221;108882&#8243; media_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;131981&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; css_animation=&#8221;bottom-t-top&#8221; animation_delay=&#8221;300&#8243; width=&#8221;5\/12&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;218625&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1748424728366{padding-right: 30px !important;}&#8221;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;h3&#8243; text_size=&#8221;h3&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;138290&#8243;]The Frequency Domain Electromagnetic (FDEM) method is a noninvasive geophysical technique for analyzing the electrical and magnetic properties of the subsurface through electromagnetic induction.[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;1&#8243;][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;465879&#8243;]The system consists of two coils: a transmitter (Tx), which generates an alternating electromagnetic field of known frequency, and a receiver (Rx), which measures the ground response. When the primary field passes through the ground, it induces electric currents in the conductive materials. These currents, in turn, generate a secondary field, the intensity of which depends on the electrical conductivity of the medium.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;167896&#8243;]The method allows two components to be measured:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The quadrature component, used to calculate the apparent electrical conductivity;<\/li>\n<li>The in-phase component, which is sensitive to magnetic susceptibility and the presence of metallic materials.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>FDEM is a rapid technique suitable for detailed mapping of large portions of land.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;3&#8243; desktop_visibility=&#8221;yes&#8221; mobile_visibility=&#8221;yes&#8221;][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243; desktop_visibility=&#8221;yes&#8221; medium_visibility=&#8221;yes&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; content_parallax=&#8221;0&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;141228&#8243;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;1&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;-5&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;3&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; css_animation=&#8221;left-t-right&#8221; animation_speed=&#8221;1100&#8243; animation_delay=&#8221;600&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;656733&#8243;][vc_row_inner row_inner_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_visibility=&#8221;yes&#8221; mobile_visibility=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;353294&#8243;][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;bottom&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; style=&#8221;dark&#8221; back_color=&#8221;color-172302&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;3\/12&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;712395&#8243; back_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;h4&#8243; text_size=&#8221;h4&#8243; text_transform=&#8221;uppercase&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;211671&#8243;]Fields of Application:[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;1&#8243;][vc_separator sep_color=&#8221;accent&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;170617&#8243; sep_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;p&#8221; text_size=&#8221;&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;793449&#8243;]Archaeological research[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_separator sep_color=&#8221;accent&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;170617&#8243; sep_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;p&#8221; text_size=&#8221;&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;934178&#8243;]Contaminant mapping[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_separator sep_color=&#8221;accent&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;170617&#8243; sep_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;bottom&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; style=&#8221;dark&#8221; back_color=&#8221;color-172302&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;3\/12&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;594545&#8243; back_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_separator sep_color=&#8221;accent&#8221; medium_visibility=&#8221;yes&#8221; mobile_visibility=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;472050&#8243; sep_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;p&#8221; text_size=&#8221;&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;178702&#8243;]Hydrogeological research[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_separator sep_color=&#8221;accent&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;170617&#8243; sep_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;p&#8221; text_size=&#8221;&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;486131&#8243;]Metal object search[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_separator sep_color=&#8221;accent&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;170617&#8243; sep_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_visibility=&#8221;yes&#8221; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_visibility=&#8221;yes&#8221; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;6\/12&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;116090&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner row_inner_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; desktop_visibility=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;204730&#8243;][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;bottom&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; style=&#8221;dark&#8221; back_color=&#8221;color-172302&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;172332&#8243; back_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;h4&#8243; text_size=&#8221;h4&#8243; text_transform=&#8221;uppercase&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;640439&#8243;]Fields of Application:[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;1&#8243;][vc_separator sep_color=&#8221;accent&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;170617&#8243; sep_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;p&#8221; text_size=&#8221;&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;201075&#8243;] Archaeological research[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_separator sep_color=&#8221;accent&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;170617&#8243; sep_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;p&#8221; text_size=&#8221;&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;202346&#8243;]Contaminant mapping[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_separator sep_color=&#8221;accent&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;170617&#8243; sep_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;p&#8221; text_size=&#8221;&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;357518&#8243;]Hydrogeological research[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_separator sep_color=&#8221;accent&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;170617&#8243; sep_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;p&#8221; 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